tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33364041606272603722024-02-08T09:14:25.665-08:00Kimia Tugas Organikgummy_luphlyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02629870855770961007noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3336404160627260372.post-39131135862323507972012-04-21T22:03:00.001-07:002012-04-21T22:03:29.047-07:00kimia tugas analitik: Aktivitas dan Koefisien AktivitasAKTIVITAS DAN KOE...<a href="http://kimiatugasanalitik.blogspot.com/2012/04/aktivitas-dan-koefisien-aktivitas.html?spref=bl">kimia tugas analitik: Aktivitas dan Koefisien AktivitasAKTIVITAS DAN KOE...</a>: Aktivitas dan Koefisien Aktivitas AKTIVITAS DAN KOEFISIEN AKTIVITAS Sifat-sifat fisis dari larutan garam, seperti k...gummy_luphlyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02629870855770961007noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3336404160627260372.post-4761692227030598222012-04-21T21:48:00.001-07:002012-04-21T21:48:28.801-07:00Vitamin A<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">VITAMIN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENGERTIAN VITAMIN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin adalah suatu zat senyawa kompleks yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh tubuh kita yang berfungsi untuk mambantu pengaturan atau proses kegiatan tubuh. Tanpa vitamin manusia, hewan dan makhluk hidup lainnya tidak akan dapat melakukan aktifitas hidup dan kekurangan vitamin dapat menyebabkan memperbesar peluang terkena penyakit pada tubuh kita.</span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin berdasarkan kelarutannya di dalam air :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin yang larut di dalam air : Vitamin B dan Vitamin C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin yang tidak larut di dalam air : Vitamin A, D, E, dan K atau disingkat Vitamin ADEK.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin A<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- sumber vitamin A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">susu, ikan, sayuran berwarna hijau dan kuning, hati, buah-buahan warna merah dan kuning (cabe merah, wortel, pisang, pepaya, dan lain-lain).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kekurangan vitamin A </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">rabun senja, katarak, infeksi saluran pernapasan, menurunnya daya tahan tubuh, kulit </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang tidak sehat, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin B1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- sumber vitamin B1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">gandum, daging, susu, kacang hijau, ragi, beras, telur, dan sebagainya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kekurangan vitamin B1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kulit kering/kusik/busik, kulit bersisik, daya tahan tubuh berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin B2<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- sumber yang mengandung vitamin B2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sayur-sayuran segar, kacang kedelai, kuning telur, susu, dan banyak lagi lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kekurangan vitamin B2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">turunnya daya tahan tubuh, kilit kering bersisik, mulut kering, bibir pecah-pecah, sariawan, dan sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin B3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- sumber yang mengandung vitamin B3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">buah-buahan, gandum, ragi, hati, ikan, ginjal, kentang manis, daging unggas dan sebagainya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kekurangan vitamin B3</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">terganggunya sistem pencernaan, otot mudah keram dan kejang, insomnia, bedan lemas, mudah muntah dan mual-mual, dan lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin B5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- sumber yang mengandung vitamin B5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">daging, susu, sayur mayur hijau, ginjal, hati, kacang ijo, dan banyak lagi yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kekurangan vitamin B5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">otot mudah menjadi kram, sulit tidur, kulit pecah-pecah dan bersisik, dan lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin B6<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- sumber yang mengandung vitamin B6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kacang-kacangan, jagung, beras, hati, ikan, beras tumbuk, ragi, daging, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kekurangan vitamin B6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pelagra alias kulit pecah-pecah, keram pada otot, insomnia atau sulit tidur, dan banyak lagi lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin B12<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- sumber yang mengandung vitamin B12</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Telur, hati daging dan lainnya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kekurangan vitamin B12</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kurang darah atau anemia, gampang capek/lelah/lesu/lemes/lemas, penyakit pada kulit, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin C<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- sumber yang mengandung vitamin C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">jambu klutuk atau jambu batu, jeruk, tomat, nanas, sayur segar, dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kekurangan vitamin C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mudah infeksi pada luka, gusi berdarah, rasa nyeri pada persendian, dan lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin D<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- sumber yang mengandung vitamin D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">minyak ikan, susu, telur, keju, dan lain-lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kekurangan vitamin D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">gigi akan lebih mudah rusak, otok bisa mengalami kejang-kejang, pertumbuhan tulang tidak normal yang biasanya betis kaki akan membentuk huruf O atau X.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin E<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- sumber yang mengandung vitamin E</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ikan, ayam, kuning telur, kecambah, ragi, minyak tumbuh-tumbuhan, havermut, dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kekurangan vitamin E</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bisa mandul baik pria maupun wanita, gangguan syaraf dan otot, dll<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vitamin K<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- sumber yang mengandung vitamin K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">susu, kuning telur, sayuran segar, dkk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Penyakit yang ditimbulkan akibat kekurangan vitamin K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">darah sulit membeku bila terluka/berdarah/luka/pendarahan, pendarahan di dalam tubuh, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin tidak dapat dibuat oleh tubuh manusia dalam jumlah yang cukup, oleh karena itu harus diperoleh dari bahan pangan yang dikonsumsi. Terkecuali vitamin D yang dapat dibuat dalam kulit asalkan kulit mendapat cukup kesempatan terkena sinar matahari.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin yang larut dalam lemak, banyak terdapat dalam daging ikan, minyak ikan, dan biji-bijian sumber minyak seperti kacang tanah, kacang kedelai, dan sebagainya. Sekali diserap dalam tubuh, vitamin tersebut disimpan dalam hati atau jaringan-jaringan lemak. Seperti halnya lemak, vitamin memerlukan protein pengangkut untuk memindahkannya dari satu tempat ke tempat lain. Karena sifatnya yang tidak larut dalam air, maka vitamin tersebut tidak dikeluarkan atau diekskresikan, akibatnya vitamin ini dapat ditimbun dalam tubuh jika dikonsumsi dalam jumlah banyak. Kekurangan vitamin yang larut dalam lemak dapat terjadi bila daya serap tubuh terhadap lemak tidak baik atau bila badan terlalu banyak mengkonsumsi minyak mineral.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin yang larut dalam air bergerak bebas dalam badan, darah dan limpa. Karena sifatnya tersebut, vitamin akan mudah rusak dalam pengolahan dan mudah hilang karena tercuci atau terlarut oleh air, keluar dari bahan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">VITAMIN A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A baru dapat diidentifikasikan pada tahun 1913, dan mekanismenya untuk memerangi rabun ayam atau ancaman kebutaan pada anak, baru diketahui secara pasti satu dekade kemudian. Pada tahun 1980-an dimulai era baru fungsi vitamin A, setelah diketahui vitamin ini memainkan peranan menentukan dalam pertumbuhan dan pembelahan sel. Sejak dua dekade lalu, muncul eforia berlebihan menyangkut khasiat vitamin A.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian selama beberapa dekade menunjukan, vitamin A merupakan unsur penting untuk mempertahankan kondisi kesehatan yang bagus, pertumbuhan, sistem kekebalan tubuh, reproduksi dan penglihatan. Secara umum, diketahui kekurangan vitamin A pada anak-anak, terutama di negara berkembang, merupakan penyebab utama penyakit rabun ayam atau bahkan kebutaan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Selain itu berdasarkan jurnal “</span><span class="longtext"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Measles Related Compliations and The Role of Vitamin A Supplementation “ </span></b></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">juga dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi komplikasi dari penyakit cacar air dengan pemberian vitamin A supplementation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A merupakan jenis vitamin yang larut dalam minyak. Vitamin A merupakan jenis vitamin yang aktif dan terdapat dalam beberapa bentuk :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A alkohol (retinol)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A aldehida (retinal)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A asam (asam retinoat)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A ester (ester retinil)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"> <o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"> </o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" o:ole="" style="height: 73.5pt; width: 196.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.emz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="ChemDraw.Document.6.0" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1396600167"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" o:ole="" style="height: 73.5pt; width: 196.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.emz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="ChemDraw.Document.6.0" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1396600169"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" o:ole="" style="height: 93pt; width: 208.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.emz"> </v:imagedata></v:shape><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="ChemDraw.Document.6.0" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027"
DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1396600170"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--></span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 106.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">β – Karoten<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A (retinol) terutama terdapat pada minyak ikan, hati, kuning telur, mentega dan krim. Sayuran berdaun hijau dan sayuran berwarna kuning mengandung karoten (misalnya beta-karotin), yang secara perlahan akan diubah oleh tubuh menjadi vitamin A.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Berdasarkan pada jurnal “Biofortified Carrot Intake Enhances Liver Antioxidant Capacity and Vitamin A Status in Mongolian Gerbils” </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anaman</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sumber karotenoid provitamin A biasanya mengandung senyawa bioaktif tambahan dengan manfaat kesehatan putatif. Beberapa yang terbaik ditandai d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">engan yang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> paling banyak dipelajari yaitu karotenoid dan polifenol yang ada pada wortel berbagai warna. Selain karotenoid provitamin A dan senyawa fenolik yang ditemukan di jenis wortel oranye, wortel varietas ungu mengandung anthocyanins, sedangkan varietas merah mengandung lycopene dan konsentrasi dari fiitokimia ini telah meningkat secara dramatis dalam wortel sebagai hasil dari upaya biofortification untuk meningkatkan kualitas gizi. Biofortification melibatkan pembiakan selektif tanaman pangan untuk meningkatkan konsentrasi mikro biologis, seperti karotenoid provitamin A, seng, dan besi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karotenoid provitamin A wortel telah menunjukkan fungsi antiproliferatif, antiinflamasi, dan efek antioksidan. biofortificants wortel lain seperti lycopene, anthocyanin, dan polyacetylenes juga bioaktif, mungkin melalui manipulasi ekspresi gen. Bekerja sendirian, senyawa ini secara positif dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan dan gizi, namun bila dikonsumsi secara bersamaan dari sumber makanan, ada potensi untuk mengakibatkan interaksi bioaktivitas berkurang atau ditingkatkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sumber makanan karotenoid provitamin A mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang dapat memberikan manfaat kesehatan tambahan selain pemeliharaan status vitamin A yang memadai. Biofortification wortel telah meningkatkan konsentrasi senyawa bioaktif, yaitu karotenoid dan polifenol.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> S</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">enyawa bioaktif dalam wortel berwarna, seperti-karoten, b-karoten, likopen, dan antosianin, mungkin telah meningkatkan kapasitas antioksidan baik hati dengan bertindak sebagai antioksidan langsung atau tidak langsung oleh tokoferol, yang lebih tinggi pada gerbil makan wortel berwarna dari pada mereka diberi makan wortel putih dan dilengkapi dengan vitamin A. Hati adalah salah satu organ paling metabolik aktif, akuntansi, 20% dari oksigen total yang dikonsumsi oleh tubuh meskipun merupakan hanya 2 - 5% dari berat badan. Sebagai generator yang produktif spesies oksigen reaktif, hati dapat mengambil manfaat dari dukungan antioksidan tambahan dari makanan untuk melengkapi pertahanan endogen seperti superoksida dismutase, glutathione peroksidase, dan enzim katalase.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kehadiran anthocyanin tidak mempengaruhi efisiensi konversi karotenoid provitamin A menjadi vitamin A.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Seluruh strategi foodbased memanfaatkan makanan fungsional seperti wortel biofortified tumbuh dalam popularitas , karena mereka memiliki potensi untuk mencegah penyakit kronis selain defisiensi mikronutrien dan harus, oleh karena itu, akan dipromosikan di kedua negara berkembang dan dikembangkan.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A pada umumnya stabil terhadap panas, asam dan alkali. Sayangnya mempunyai sifat yang sangat mudah teroksidasi oleh udara dan akan rusak bila dipanaskan pada suhu tinggi bersama udara, sinar, dan lemak yang sudah tengik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Pada jurnal “</span><span class="longtext"><b><i><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh praktek pengolahan tradisional isi total karotenoid, / 3-karoten, c-karoten dan aktivitas vitamin A dari sayuran Tanzania yang dipilih</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">”</span></i></b></span><span class="longtext"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">telah dinyatakan bahwa p</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">raktek-praktek pengolahan tradisional dari penjemuran dan penyimpanan dalam wadah ventilasi yang menghasilkan (p <</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,05) penurunan signifikan pada konsentrasi total karotenoid, β-karoten dan α-karoten untuk semua sayuran.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemudaran </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">k</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">onvensional dan memasak menghasilkan </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(p <</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,05) peningkatan signifikan pada konsentrasi karotenoid dalam kacang tanah, kacang tunggak dan daun labu sementara dalam daun bayam dan ubi jalar, pengolahan termal menghasilkan (p <</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,05) penurunan signifikan pada konsentrasi </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nutrisi ini.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemucatan mengakibatkan hilangnya provitamin A karotenoid dalam kentang daun bayam dan manis sedangkan pada kacang tunggak, kacang tanah dan daun labu ini mengakibatkan peningkatan konsentrasi nutrisi. Meskipun kerugian PROVITAMIN A akibat pemucatan dalam beberapa sayuran, telah dilaporkan untuk menjadi pretreatment penting ketika sayuran harus diproses oleh pengeringan dan disimpan. Memasak meningkatkan konten PROVITAMIN A dalam kacang tunggak, kacang tanah dan daun labu, sayuran dimasak merupakan sumber yang lebih baik dari provitamin A karotenoid dari bentuk mentah.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian besar sumber vitamin A adalah karoten yang banyak terdapat dalam bahan-bahan nabati. Tubuh manusia mempunyai kemampuan mengubah sejumlah besar karoten menjadi vitamin A. Dalam tanaman terdapat beberapa jenis karoten, namun yang lebih banyak ditemui adalah α-, β-, dan γ- karoten; mungkin juga terdapat kriptoxantin.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam bahan makanan terdapat vitamin A dalam bentuk karoten sebagai ester dari vitamin A dan sebagai vitamin A bebas. Keaktifan biologis karoten jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan vitamin A. Karena karoten merupakan sumber utama vitamin A bagi masyarakat di negara yang sedang berkembang, maka absorbsi dan ketersediaan karoten perlu diketahui.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Say</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">u</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ran dan buah-buahan yang berwarna hijau atau kuning biasanya banyak mengandung karoten. Ada hubungan langsung antara derajat kehijauan sayuran dengan kadar karoten. Semakin hijau daun tersebut semakin tinggi kadar karotennya, sedang daun-daunan yang pucat seperti selada dan kol miskin akan karoten. Wortel, ubi jalar, dan waluh kaya akan karoten.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap orang-orang india pria didapat bahwa kisaran kemampuan menyerap karoten yang berasal dari sayuran hanya 33%-58% atau rata-rata 50%. Tidak semua karoten yang terserap tersebut akan diubah menjadi vitamin A. Kelompok FAO-WHO telah mengadakan perhitungan bahwa separuh dari karoten yang terserap tersebut akan diubah menjadi vitamin A, jadi kira-kira hanya 1/6 dari kandungan karoten dalam bahan makanan yang akhirnya akan dimanfaatkan oleh tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam menentukan kadar vitamin dalam bahan pangan perlu diperhatikan jumlah vitamin yang aktif, atau keaktifan vitaminnya. Sebagai contoh keaktifan vitamin A (retinol) dalam bahan pangan dinyatakan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas retinol = μg retinol + </span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Cambria Math";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></span></m:fPr><m:num><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>μg</m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r> </m:r></span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>β</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><m:r>-</m:r></span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><m:r>karoten</m:r></span></i></m:num><m:den><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=IN style='font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><m:r>6</m:r></span></i></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--><!--[if !msEquation]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -9.0pt; position: relative; top: 9.0pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 23.25pt; width: 59.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"> <v:imagedata chromakey="white" o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png"> </v:imagedata></v:shape></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">β – karoten merupakan pro-vitamin A yang terdapat dalam tanaman hijau. Perubahan karoten dalam tubuh terutama terjadi dalam mukosa dinding kecil manusia. Diperkirakan setiap 6μg β – karoten mempunyai aktivitas biologis 1 μg retinol. Karena alasan tersebut, aktivitas vitamin A bahan makanan biasanya dinyatakan sebagai ekuivalen retinol, yang dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan kandungan retinol yang ada dengan 1/6 kandungan β – karoten.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Satuan takaran untuk vitamin A yang digunakan adalah <i>international unit</i> (IU) atau <i>Satuan Internasional</i> (SI). Telah banyak disarankan agar satuan takaran itu diganti dengan <i>retinol ekuivalen</i> (RE), karena satuan ini lebih tepat serta dapat memberikan gambaran keadaan yang sesungguhnya, termasuk pertimbangan masalah, penyerapan karoten, serta derajat konversinya menjadi vitamin A. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 RE = 1 μg retinol (3,33 IU)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 RE = 1 μg β-karoten (10 IU)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1 RE = 12 μg karotenoid (10 IU)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan vitamin A dalam tubuh dapat disimpan dalam hati, terutama dalam sel-sel parenkim, yaitu dalam bentuk butir-butir lemak yang berisi campuran rantai-rantai ester retinil (retinil palmitat (50%), retinin stearat, retinil oleat). Sebelum dilepaskan sebagai vitamin A, ester-ester tersebut mengalami hidrolisis menjadi retinol. Di hati, vitamin A terdapat dalam bentuk retinol, tetapi dalam darah retinol terikat dalam protein spesifik yang disebut <i>retinol binding protein</i> (RBP) dan diangkut ke jaringan-jaringan tepi seperti mata, usus, serta kelenjar ludah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terlalu banyak konsumsi vitamin A dapat menyebabkan hipervitaminosis, suatu keadaan keracunan yang disebabkan oleh terlalu banyaknya konsumsi vitamin A, yaitu bila mengkonsumsi 75000-500000 SI (45-300 mg β-karoten) setiap hari untuk jangka beberapa bulan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SUMBER VITAMIN A</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A dapat diperoleh dari berbagai sumber, dan terdapat dalam dua macam bentuk, yakni<span class="highlight"> retinol</span> dan <span class="highlight">beta-carotene</span>. Retinol lazim disebut vitamin A yang sebenarnya, karena dapat langsung dimanfaatkan oleh tubuh. Sumber retinol kebanyakan dari makanan hewani, seperti hati, telur atau minyak ikan. Sementara beta-carotene disebut pro-vitamin A, karena harus diolah dulu oleh tubuh, untuk menjadi retinol. Sumber beta-carotene kebanyakan berasal dari makanan nabati, terutama yang berwarna oranye atau hijau tua seperti wortel, ubi dan mangga. Tubuh menyimpan retinol maupun beta-carotene di dalam hati, dan mengambilnya dari tempat penimbunan tersebut, jika tubuh membutuhkannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian besar vitamin A disimpan di hati. Salah satu bentuk dari vitamin A (retinal) merupakan komponen dari fotoreseptor (sel-sel saraf yang peka terhadap cahaya) dalam retina mata. Bentuk lain dari vitamin A (asam retinoat) berperan dalam menjaga kesehatan kulit, lapisan paru-paru, usus dan saluran kemih.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Obat-obatan yang berhubungan dengan vitamin A (retinoid), digunakan untuk mengobati jerawat yang parah dan masih dalam penelitian untuk mengobati jenis kanker tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There are various factors that effect the absorption</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada berbagai <b>faktor yang mempengaruhi penyerapan</b></span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">of vitamin A ie, type and amount of fat in the diet,</span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> vitamin A</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yaitu, jenis dan jumlah lemak dalam makanan,</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">interfering substances in diet such as nitrites, amount</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> campur zat dalam makanan seperti nitrit, jumlah</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">of zinc, protein, vitamin E and drugs (65).</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> seng, protein, vitamin E dan obat-obatan (65). </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Other factors</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Faktor lain</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">include respiratory, renal and intestinal disease of man.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> termasuk, ginjal dan usus penyakit pernapasan manusia. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A esters, after hydrolysis in small intestine</span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metabolism Vitamin A</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ester, setelah hidrolisis dalam usus kecil</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(lumen) are converted into retinol.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Lumen) akan dikonversi menjadi retinol. </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It is again esterified</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hal ini lagi esterifikasi</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">after passes through the mucosal cell wall and is stored</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> setelah melewati dinding sel mukosa dan disimpan</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">in the liver as retinyl esters.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam hati sebagai ester retinil.</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">β-Carotene is converted</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> β-Carotene merupakan dikonversi</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">into retinyl esters after absorption, other carotenoids</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menjadi ester retinil setelah penyerapan, karotenoid lain</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">are only partially absorbed.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hanya sebagian diserap. </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Such absorption is effected</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> penyerapan tersebut dipengaruhi</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">by the presence of bile salt and lipases.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> oleh adanya garam empedu dan lipase. </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It may be due</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ini mungkin disebabkan</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">to that vitamin A is a fat soluble vitamin, bile salt and</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> vitamin A adalah vitamin yang larut lemak, garam empedu dan</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lipases also effecting the absorption of fat.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> lipase juga mempengaruhi penyerapan lemak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vitamin A as fat soluble vitamin, is carried to the</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitamin A sebagai vitamin larut lemak, dibawa ke</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">liver with lipids as lipoproteins and chylomicrons in the</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hati dengan lipid sebagai lipoprotein dan kilomikron di</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lymph.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> getah bening. </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Retinol leaves the liver in the form of retinol</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Retinol daun hati dalam bentuk retinol</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">binding protein (RBP) and RBP complexes with serum</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mengikat protein (RBP) dan kompleks RBP dengan serum</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pre-albumin.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pre-albumin. </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It is then circulated in the blood and may</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hal ini kemudian beredar dalam darah dan mungkin </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">be removed from circulation by the kidney.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dihapus dari peredaran oleh ginjal. </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sufficient</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Cukup</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">amount of zinc and dietary protein are essential for</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> jumlah seng dan protein diet sangat penting untuk</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">proper mobilization of retinal.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tepat mobilisasi retina. </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure 4 shows the path-</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KEKURANGAN VITAMIN A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan vitamin A banyak ditemukan di beberapa daerah seperti Asia Tenggara, dimana padi yang digiling menjadi beras (yang mengandung sedikit vitamin A) merupakan makanan pokok.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa penyakit yang mempengaruhi kemampuan usus dalam menyerap lemak dan vitamin yang larut dalam lemak, meningkatkan resiko terjadinya kekurangan vitamin A.<br />
Penyakit tersebut adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Penyakit Seliak<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Fibrosa kistik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Penyumbatan saluran empedu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembedahan pada usus atau pankreas juga akan memberikan efek yang sama.<br />
Gejala pertama dari kekurangan vitamin A biasanya adalah rabun senja.<br />
Kemudian akan timbul pengendapan berbusa (bintik Bitot) dalam bagian putih mata (sklera) dan kornea bisa mengeras dan membentuk jaringan parut (xeroftalmia), yang bisa menyebabkan kebutaan yang menetap.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malnutrisi pada masa kanak-kanan (marasmus dan kwashiorkor), sering disertai dengan xeroftalmia; bukan karena kurangnya vitamin A dalam makanan, tetapi juga karena kekurangan kalori dan protein menghambat pengangkutan vitamin A. Kulit dan lapisan paru-paru, usus dan saluran kemih bisa mengeras.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan vitamin A juga menyebabkan peradangan kulit (dermatitis) dan meningkatkan kemungkinan terkena infeksi. Beberapa penderita mengalami anemia. Pada kekurangan vitamin A, kadar vitamin A dalam darah menurun sampai kurang dari 15 mikrogram/100 mL (kadar normal 20-50 mikrogram/100 mL).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan vitamin A diobati dengan pemberian vitamin A tambahan sebanyak 20 kali dosis harian yang dianjurkan selama 3 hari. Lalu diikuti dengan pemberian sebanyak 3 kali dosis harian yang dianjurkan selama 1 bulan. Setelah itu diharapkan semua gejala sudah hilang. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penderita yang gejala-gejalanya tidak hilang dalam 2 bulan setelah pengobatan, harus segera dievaluasi untuk mengetahui kemungkinan adanya malnutrisi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di beberapa daerah (Kamboja), sampai dengan 8% dari wanita mengalami kebutaan malam disebabkan oleh kekurangan vitamin A selama kehamilan. Kebutaan malam adalah ‘ujung dari gunung es’, yang menunjukkan bahwa banyak proporsi yang lebih besar dari populasi menderita dari sub-klinis kekurangan vitamin A (Underwood, 2004). Penyebab utama dari tingginya prevalensi mikronutrien kekurangan gizi, termasuk kekurangan vitamin A, yang miskin kualitas gizi makanan, karena kurangnya keanekaragaman dan rendah asupan makanan sumber hewani.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KELEBIHAN VITAMIN A</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan vitamin A dapat menyebabkan keracunanan, baik itu terjadi pada satu kali pemberian (keracunan akut) ataupun dalam jangka waktu lama (keracunan kronis).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Selain itu, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">supan vitamin A yang berlebihan dapat mengakibatkan Hypervitaminosis A dan suplemen vitamin A dapat memiliki efek samping, terutama jika jumlah berlebihan diberikan keliru.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<b><i>Keracunan Akut</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelajah Kutub Utara mengalami ngantuk, mudah tersinggung, sakit kepala dan muntah dalam beberapa jam setelah memakan hati beruang kutub atau hati anjing laut, yang banyak mengandung vitamin A.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tablet yang mengandung vitamin A sebanyak 20 kali dosis harian yang dianjurkan, yang digunakan untuk pencegahan dan meringankan penyakit kulit, kadang menyebabkan gejala serupa, bahkan jika diminum sesuai petunjuk.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keracunan Kronis<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keracunan kronis pada anak-anak yang lebih besar dan dewasa biasanya merupakan akibat mengkonsumsi vitamin A dosis besar (10 kali dosis harian yang dianjurkan) selama berbulan-bulan. Keracunan vitamin A dapat terjadi pada bayi dalam beberapa minggu.<br />
Gejala awal dari keracunan kronis adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rambut yang jarang dan kasar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kerontokan pada sebagian bulu mata<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bibir yang pecah-pecah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kulit yang kering dan kasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sakit kepala hebat, peningkatan tekanan dalam otak dan kelemahan umum terjadi kemudian.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan tulang dan nyeri sendi sering terjadi, terutama pada anak-anak.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hati dan limfa dapat membesar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bayi yang lahir dari ibu yang mengkonsumsi isotretinoin (vitamin A buatan yang digunakan untuk mengobati kelainan kulit) selama kehamilan bisa memiliki cacat lahir.<br />
Diagnosa keracunan vitamin A ditegakkan berdasarkan gejala dan tingginya kadar vitamin A dalam darah. Gejala akan menghilang dalam 4 minggu setelah penghentikan pemakaian vitamin A tambahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beta-karoten terdapat dalam sayuran seperti wortel, diubah secara perlahan oleh tubuh menjadi vitamin A dan dapat dikonsumsi dalam jumlah besar tanpa menyebabkan keracunan.<br />
Walaupun kulit akan berubah menjadi kuning tua (karotenosis), terutama kulit di telapak tangan dan telapak kaki, tetapi tidak menimbulkan efek samping lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">High dose of vitamin A may be toxic and hypercal-</span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dosis tinggi vitamin A</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mungkin beracun dan hypercal-</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">caemia (194-198) has been reported.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">caemia (194-198) telah dilaporkan. </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hypervitaminosis</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Hypervitaminosis</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">may results in cartilage destruction, bone lesions, hem-</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mungkin mengakibatkan kerusakan tulang rawan, lesi tulang, ujung-</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">orrhages in the spleen, bladder and pectoral muscles</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> orrhages di kandung kemih, limpa dan otot-otot dada</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">and congenital malformation (199-203).</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan kelainan bawaan (199-203). </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In 16th century</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pada abad ke-16</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">it was recognized that eating polar bear liver (3,900-</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> itu diakui bahwa makan hati beruang kutub (3.900</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,400 RE/g) is toxic and causes irritability, headaches,</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-5.400 RE / g) adalah beracun dan menyebabkan iritasi, sakit kepala,</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">vomiting and drowsiness (193).</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> muntah dan mengantuk (193). </span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The adverse effect of</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dampak buruk dari</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">high dose of vitamin A are usually related with total</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dosis tinggi vitamin A biasanya terkait dengan total</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">serum vitamin A levels that exceed 1500 µg/g tissue</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> serum vitamin A level yang melebihi 1500 mg / g jaringan</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">and liver storage of retinol or its esters at levels which</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan hati menyimpan retinol atau esternya pada tingkat yang</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">exceed 3000 µg/g tissue, a value that is some ten</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> melebihi 3000 mg / g jaringan, sebuah nilai yang sepuluh</span><span class="google-src-text1"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">times the normal concentration (204).</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kali konsentrasi normal (204). <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISOLASI VITAMIN A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isolasi vitamin A dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa cara, antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekstraksi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : pada jurnal </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ascorbic acid, vitamin A, and mineral composition of banana(Musa sp.) and papaya (Carica papaya) cultivars grown in Hawaii yaitu disebutkan sampel</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pisang dan karotenoid pepaya<span class="google-src-text1">were extracted under low light and cold temperatures.</span> diekstraksi di bawah cahaya rendah dan suhu dingin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekstraksi dengan metode Petterson & Johnson<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : pada jurnal Effect Of Traditional Open Sun-Driying and Solar Cabinet Driying on Carotene Content and Vitamin A Activity of Green Leavy Vegetables<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ANALISIS KANDUNGAN VITAMIN A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisis kandungan vitamin A dilakukan de</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> beberapa cara, antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HPLC<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC digunakan untuk memisahkan dan mengukur provitamin<span class="google-src-text1">A pigments (b-carotene, a-carotene, and b-cryptoxanthin),</span> Sebuah pigmen (β-karoten, α-karoten, dan β-cryptoxanthin),<span class="google-src-text1">as well as lycopene and lutein.</span> serta lycopene dan lutein.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC fase terbalik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Digunakan methyl-t-buthyl ether: methanol: air (56: 40: 4) seb\agai fase diam dan detector UV-Vis ssebagai detektornya. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : pada jurnal Effect Of Traditional Open Sun-Driying and Solar Cabinet Driying on Carotene Content and Vitamin A Activity of Green Leavy Vegetables<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span class="longtext"><b><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh praktek pengolahan tradisional isi total karotenoid, / 3-karoten, c-karoten dan aktivitas vitamin A dari sayuran Tanzania yang dipilih</span></b></span><span class="longtext"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">α -karoten, / provitamin β-karoten dan total karotenoid provitamin A dan pengaruh praktik pengolahan tradisional pada retensi PROVITAMIN ini dipelajari dengan menggunakan bayam, kacang tunggak, kacang tanah, labu dan daun ubi jalar. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kandungan total karotenoid,β-karoten dan α-karoten berada di kisaran 26,79-44,74 mg, 4,16-19,12 mg, dan 0,99-10,26 mg per 100 g sayuran kering, masing-masing. Aktivitas </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">vitamin A 4,042; 3,<span style="background: white;">124; 0,829; 2,025 dan 1,581 mg RE per 100 g bayam kering, kacang tunggak, kacang tanah, labu dan daun ubi jalar, masing-masing. Praktek-praktek pengolahan tradisional dari penjemuran dan penyimpanan dalam wadah ventilasi yang menghasilkan (p <0,05) penurunan signifikan pada konsentrasi total karotenoid, β-karoten dan α-karoten untuk semua sayuran. </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemudaran Konvensional dan memasak menghasilkan (p <0,05) peningkatan signifikan pada konsentrasi karotenoid dalam kacang tanah, kacang tunggak dan daun labu sementara dalam daun bayam dan ubi jalar, pengolahan termal menghasilkan (p <0,05) penurunan signifikan pada konsentrasi </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">nutrisi ini.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bayam kering, kacang tunggak, kacang tanah, labu dan ubi jalar daun mengandung konsentrasi tinggi dari provitamin A karotenoid. Berdasarkan aktivitas vitamin A (mg RE), suatu asupan 100 gram kacang tunggak kering, mentah atau dimasak bayam, kacang tanah, labu atau ubi jalar hijau dapat menyediakan jumlah yang cukup asupan harian yang direkomendasikan (RDI) untuk vitamin A untuk kedua anak-anak dan orang dewasa. Namun, praktek-praktek pengolahan tradisional mengeringkan sayuran hijau dengan matahari dan menyimpan daun kering dalam kemasan berventilasi pada temperatur ambien mengakibatkan kerugian parah PROVITAMIN A. </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengenai efisiensi retensi provitamin A dan stabilitas penyimpanan, naungan pengeringan dan penyimpanan sayuran dalam kemasan kedap udara umumnya lebih efektif daripada pengeringan matahari terbuka dan penyimpanan kontainer berventilasi. <span style="background: white;">Pemucatan mengakibatkan hilangnya provitamin A karotenoid dalam kentang daun bayam dan manis sedangkan pada kacang tunggak, kacang tanah dan daun labu ini mengakibatkan peningkatan konsentrasi nutrisi. Meskipun kerugian PROVITAMIN A akibat pemucatan dalam beberapa sayuran, telah dilaporkan untuk menjadi pretreatment penting ketika sayuran harus diproses oleh pengeringan dan disimpan. Memasak meningkatkan konten PROVITAMIN A dalam kacang tunggak, kacang tanah dan daun labu, sayuran dimasak merupakan sumber yang lebih baik dari provitamin A karotenoid dari bentuk mentah.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Biofortified Carrot Intake Enhances Liver Antioxidant Capacity and Vitamin A Status in Mongolian Gerbils<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Karotenoid provitamin A merupakan sebuah sumber vital dari vitamin A untuk banyak populasi dunia. Menggunakan model provitamin Gerbil Mongolia (Meriones unguiculatus). Biokonversi karotenoid menjadi vitamin A, kami telah menunjukkan dengan konsisten bahwa asupan sederhana dari provitamin A dari sumber-sumber tumbuhan dapat cukup mempertahankan/ memelihara keadaan vitamin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asupan vitamin A yang berlebihan dapat mengakibatkan Hypervitaminosis A dan suplemen vitamin A dapat memiliki efek samping, terutama jika jumlah berlebihan diberikan keliru. Selain itu, tanaman sumber karotenoid provitamin A biasanya mengandung senyawa bioaktif tambahan dengan manfaat kesehatan putatif. Beberapa yang terbaik ditandai dan paling banyak dipelajari yaitu karotenoid dan polifenol yang ada pada wortel berbagai warna. Selain karotenoid provitamin A dan senyawa fenolik yang ditemukan di jenis wortel oranye, wortel varietas ungu mengandung anthocyanins, sedangkan varietas merah mengandung lycopene dan konsentrasi dari fiitokimia ini telah meningkat secara dramatis dalam wortel sebagai hasil dari upaya biofortification untuk meningkatkan kualitas gizi. Biofortification melibatkan pembiakan selektif tanaman pangan untuk meningkatkan konsentrasi mikro biologis, seperti karotenoid provitamin A, seng, dan besi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karotenoid provitamin A wortel telah menunjukkan fungsi antiproliferatif, antiinflamasi, dan efek antioksidan. biofortificants wortel lain seperti lycopene, anthocyanin, dan polyacetylenes juga bioaktif, mungkin melalui manipulasi ekspresi gen. Bekerja sendirian, senyawa ini secara positif dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan dan gizi, namun bila dikonsumsi secara bersamaan dari sumber makanan, ada potensi untuk mengakibatkan interaksi bioaktivitas berkurang atau ditingkatkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Sumber makanan karotenoid provitamin A mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang dapat memberikan manfaat kesehatan tambahan selain pemeliharaan status vitamin A yang memadai. Biofortification wortel telah meningkatkan konsentrasi senyawa bioaktif, yaitu karotenoid dan polifenol.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> S</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">enyawa bioaktif dalam wortel berwarna, seperti-karoten, b-karoten, likopen, dan antosianin, mungkin telah meningkatkan kapasitas antioksidan baik hati dengan bertindak sebagai antioksidan langsung atau tidak langsung oleh tokoferol, yang lebih tinggi pada gerbil makan wortel berwarna dari pada mereka diberi makan wortel putih dan dilengkapi dengan vitamin A. Hati adalah salah satu organ paling metabolik aktif, akuntansi, 20% dari oksigen total yang dikonsumsi oleh tubuh meskipun merupakan hanya 2 - 5% dari berat badan. Sebagai generator yang produktif spesies oksigen reaktif, hati dapat mengambil manfaat dari dukungan antioksidan tambahan dari makanan untuk melengkapi pertahanan endogen seperti superoksida dismutase, glutathione peroksidase, dan enzim katalase.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kehadiran anthocyanin tidak mempengaruhi efisiensi konversi karotenoid provitamin A menjadi vitamin A.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Seluruh strategi foodbased memanfaatkan makanan fungsional seperti wortel biofortified tumbuh dalam popularitas , karena mereka memiliki potensi untuk mencegah penyakit kronis selain defisiensi mikronutrien dan harus, oleh karena itu, akan dipromosikan di kedua negara berkembang dan dikembangkan.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span class="longtext"><b><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ikan air tawar sebagai sumber makanan dari vitamin A di Kamboja</span></b></span><span class="longtext"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><i><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></u></i><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan vitamin A merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di kalangan anak-anak dan perempuan. </span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umumnya spesies ikan Kamboja, disampel dan <span style="background: white;">diskrining untuk menentukan kandungan vitamin A. Kandungan senyawa aktif vitamin A pada ikan tawar kamboja (semua trans-retinol, semua trans-dehydroretinol, 13-cis retinol, 13-cis dehydroretinol dan β-karoten) yang ditentukan oleh HPLC (</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">high-performance liquid chromatography)<span class="longtext"><span style="background: white;"> dalam sampel bahan baku, seluruh ikan dari 29 spesies mentah, bagian yang dapat dimakan hanya dari 24 spesies. Mereplikasi sampel yang dianalisis di tujuh spesies yang dipilih. Dua spesies, Parachela siamensis </span>dan Rasbora tornieri memiliki kandungan vitamin A yang sangat tinggi > 1500 RAE/100 g baku, ikan utuh, dan enam spesies (<i>Barbodes Altus, Barbodes gonionatus, Dermogenys pusilla, Puntioplites proctozysron</i> dan <i>Thynnichthys thynnoides</i> ) mempunyai kadar tinggi 500-1500 RAE/100 g baku, ikan utuh. Dua spesies, <i>Puntioplites proctozysron</i> dan <i>Thynnichthys thynnoides</i> memiliki vitamin A isi baku, bagian yang dapat dimakan, setelah memanfaatkan kebiasaan membersihkan secara tradisional. (RAE: Jumlah vitamin A senyawa aktif dalam makanan dinyatakan sebagai aktivitas setara retinol (RAE), </span><br />
<span class="longtext">didefinisikan sebagai bioefficacy relatif terhadap semua-trans-retinol [West, C. E., & Eilander, A. (2002). Konsekuensi dari perkiraan perbaikan karotenoid bioefficacy untuk kontrol kekurangan vitamin A di negara-negara berkembang. <i>Journal of Nutrition</i>, 132, 2920S-2926S]. Dehydroretinoids (vitamin A2) tidak dikonversi ke semua trans-retinol tetapi memiliki fungsi metabolisme yang sama. Dalam paper ini, RAE mengacu pada bioefficacy fungsional seperti yang didefinisikan oleh Brouwer et al. [Brouwer, I. A., Dusseldorp, M. V., West, C. E., & Steegers-Theunissen, R. P. M. (2001). Bioavailabilitas dan bioefficacy folat dan asam folat dalam manusia. <i><span style="background: white;">Nutrition Research Review</span></i><span style="background: white;">, 14, 267-293]).</span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span class="longtext"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Measles Related Compliations and The Role of Vitamin A Supplementation<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Cacar air dihubungkan dengan tingginya angka komplikasi dan berperan pada bagian utama dengan keadaan yang tidak sehat dan kemungkinan kematian pada masa kanak-kanak. Peran dari vit A supplementation dalam pengaturan masalah cacar air dan pencegahan komplikasi masih dimengerti secara parsial dan tidak didukung penuh oleh data epidemiological. Makalah ini menganalisa kemungkinan peran dari vitamin A supplementation dalam pencegahan yang berhubungan dengan komplikasi cacar air dan kematian.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span class="longtext"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian silang daerah setempat dilaksanakan selama penjangkitan cacar air di Shivpuri, India. Suatu total populasi 193.000 telah didata dengan kunjungan dari rumah ke rumah dan para pemerhati menyatakan jumlah keseluruhan 1204 kasus cacar, termasuk 214 kasus dengan komplikasi, diwawancarai dengan menggunakan jadwal wawancara semi struktur. Analisis data dilakukan dengan mnggunakan info Epi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Laju serangannya adalah 6,7% dan laju komplikasi pada 17,8% ditemukan pada penelitian ini. Pemenuhan dengan vaksin cacar air dengan rutin dan vitamin A supplementation adalah 18,3% an 28,9% berturut-turut. Pengendalian kasus cacar air sangat rendah yaitu dengan hanya 15,8% kasus menerima dosis terapetik dari vit. A. Keduanya , laju komplikasi dan laju kematian telah meningkat diantara anak-anak yang tidak menerima vit. A supplementation dalam 6 bulan sebelumnya (p<0.05). Vaksin cacar air juga ditemukan untuk mempunyai efek pencegahan pada pengembangan komplikasi (p<0.05).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kesimpulannya adalah dengan memberikan vitamin A supplementation secara rutin dan vaksinasi cacar secara rutin dapat mengurangi peluang dari komplikasi diantara kasus-kasus cacar air. Peran VAS menjadi lebih penting ketika masalah pengendalian sangat rendah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://organisasi.org/pengertian_dan_definisi_vitamin_fungsi_guna_sumber_akibat_kekurangan_macam_dan_jenis_vitamin"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://organisasi.org/pengertian_dan_definisi_vitamin_fungsi_guna_sumber_akibat_kekurangan_macam_dan_jenis_vitamin</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.hanyawanita.com/_health/article.php?article_id=5006"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.hanyawanita.com/_health/article.php?article_id=5006</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/f/10972-kekurangan-kelebihan-vitamin/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.indonesiaindonesia.com/f/10972-kekurangan-kelebihan-vitamin/</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><i><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Journal Food Chemistry 103 (2007) 1104-1111, </span></i></span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">www.sciencedirect.com</span></i></a></span><span class="longtext"><i><span lang="IN" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19 (2006) 434–445<span class="longtext"><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences 7:4, 221-236, 1994</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ashok, Mishra. 2008. <i>“ <u>Measles Related Complications and the Role of Vitamin A Supplementation</u>”</i>. Indian Journal o Pediatrics. Volume 75<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">G. Mulokozi. 2003. “ </span><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times-Bold","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Bold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Effect of Traditional Open Sun-Drying and Solar Cabinet Drying on Carotene Content and Vitamin A Activity of Green Leafy Vegetables</span></u></i><span style="font-family: "Times-Bold","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Bold; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> ”. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Plant Foods for Human Nutrition </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">58: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1–15<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">T.C, Mosha. 1997. <i>“ <u>Effect of Traditional Processing Practices on the Content of Total Carotenoid,/3-Carotene, C -Carotene And Vitamin A Activity of Selected Tanzanian Vegetables</u> ”</i>. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 50: 189-201<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Winarno, F. G. 2002. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“ </span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kimia Pangan </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">d</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">an Gizi</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">”</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Jakarta : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Disusun oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Deny Irawati (M0308009)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mirna Ayu Lisnawati (M0308047)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tri Astuti (M0308058)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ucik Agus Utami (M0308060)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wahru Musoban (M0308063)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
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